---
description: "F1 suspension explained: the double-wishbone system, pushrod vs pullrod, torsion bars, and why 2022 anti-dive geometry protects ground-effect downforce."
title: "F1 suspension explained: pushrod, pullrod and 2022 anti-dive"
image: https://www.f1-fansite.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/F1-Fansite.com-wallpaper-2013-Brazilian-F1-GP_00023.jpg
---
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# Suspension
Felipe Massa, Ferrari F138 with pullrod suspension
**The suspension is the mechanical linkage that connects the wheels of a Formula 1 car to its chassis, transferring load and controlling how the tyre stays in contact with the road.** Modern F1 uses double-wishbone geometry with pushrod or pullrod actuation, torsion-bar springs, and heavily integrated aerodynamic surfaces. It is one of the few areas of the car where mechanical engineering still leads the aerodynamic story.
## What is the suspension in F1?
The F1 suspension is the sprung, damped linkage system that ties each wheel to the chassis. It controls the vertical, lateral and longitudinal motions of the wheels while the car is racing, and it determines how the tyre loads and unloads through kerbs, bumps and lateral cornering. Active suspension has been banned since 1994, so every element of the modern system is passive.
## Core suspension components
- **Wishbones:** upper and lower A-arms holding the wheel in place;
- **Pushrod or pullrod:** connects the wheel motion to the inboard springs and dampers;
- **Torsion bars:** the primary spring elements on modern F1 cars;
- **Dampers:** control the rate at which spring energy dissipates;
- **Anti-roll bars:** resist lateral roll under cornering;
- **Heave dampers and third elements:** control front-to-rear pitch behaviour.
## Pushrod versus pullrod
Pushrod suspension pushes on the inboard spring elements from below the wheel; pullrod suspension pulls on them from above. Both are used in F1, and teams switch between them based on packaging and aerodynamic priorities. [Ferrari](https://www.f1-fansite.com/f1-teams/ferrari-f1-information-statistics/) famously popularised front pushrod suspension in the late 2010s before returning to pullrod for the 2022 rules cycle.
## Suspension and aerodynamics
Since the 2022 ground-effect rules made the underfloor central to downforce production, suspension geometry has become an aerodynamic tool. Anti-dive and anti-squat characteristics keep the floor at its target ride height under braking and acceleration, protecting downforce consistency. That is why 2022-onwards front suspension arms are angled sharply upward, producing anti-dive that would look extreme by pre-2022 standards.
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- [7 Jun 2019How does suspension work on a Formula One car?
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](https://www.f1-fansite.com/f1-news/horner-mercedes-not-far-ahead/)
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- [25 Mar 2017Mercedes removes trick suspension voluntarily
](https://www.f1-fansite.com/f1-news/mercedes-removes-trick-suspension-voluntarily/)
-
## Frequently asked questions about F1 suspension
### What kind of suspension does an F1 car use?
Modern F1 cars use double-wishbone suspension with pushrod or pullrod actuation, torsion-bar springs and heavily integrated aerodynamic surfaces.
### Is active suspension allowed in F1?
No. Active suspension has been banned since 1994. All current systems are passive.
### What is the difference between pushrod and pullrod?
Pushrod pushes on the inboard springs from below the wheel. Pullrod pulls on them from above. Both are used depending on packaging and aerodynamic priorities.
### Why has suspension become an aerodynamic tool since 2022?
Because ground-effect downforce is highly sensitive to ride height. Anti-dive and anti-squat geometry keep the floor at its target height and protect downforce.
### Can teams change suspension setup during a race weekend?
Yes, until qualifying starts. Once the car leaves the pit lane in Q1 parc ferme applies and suspension setup is locked.
Last updated: 13 Jul 2026, 15:30
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